Moving, Trivial Pursuit, and Being Busy

Today is a somewhat exciting day, as I am going to be moving into a new apartment. It will be cheaper and the people who I will be living with seem to be more friendly as well. I've spent the past few hours packing my possessions into bags, and there is nothing quite like the feeling of knowing that I have so little in the world that I can just set it on my back and go (so little here at least, I have a few more duffel bags full of stuff stored away in Minnesota). I still have a few hours before I am due to meet up with my new flatmates at the new apartment, but I am full of energy and excitement. I really enjoy this feeling. It is not quite the same as being on the road, but it is a transition, and I do enjoy these little changes through space in a similar manner to big trips.

Since returning to Albacete in early January I have been busy. I have taken on an additional class at Monkey Business, so that now in addition to working in the mornings at the high school, (from which I get home anywhere between 1:30 and 3:00, depending on the day) I am working four hours (from 4:00pm to 8:00pm) on Mondays and Wednesdays and I am working three hours (4:00pm-6:00pm, and then 8:30-9:30). It is pretty exhausting, especially since I go to a mediocre-quality (but free!) Spanish class Monday and Wednesday from 8:00pm until about 9:45. This makes Mondays and Wednesdays quite full, and makes me which that there wasn't such a gap between the classes I teach on Tuesdays and Thursdays. I am earning the money I need, though, which is good: I don't want to be in debt forever. If I keep up this rate for a few months I should make a good dent in my debt, and potentially have a little bit stored away for the summer. All in all, most of my life has consisted of working during the week, and doing a lot of reading online, running, and solo language practice during the weekends. I have been using italki quite a bit to practice my writing and to ask language based questions (mostly in Chinese, but some in Spanish). It is a pattern that works. Although I would certainly enjoy working fewer hours and socializing for one or two hours more each week, I know that I need to take advantage of being able to earn money while I can, since there may be times (potentially this summer/autumn) when I will not be able to earn as much as easily, so I want to build up a buffer for that possibility.

"Why not go out on the weekends?," one might ask. A mixture of reasons: the standard "I don't know anybody here" excuse is my main one, but my desire to save money affects that decision as well. My recent preference for going to sleep at or before midnight makes it kind of pointless to go out, since parties get going late here. My attempts to hang out with co-workers have mostly ended in my discovery that they go to other cities for the weekends to spend time with friends/family there, and finally the feeling that "I am gonna be leaving in a few months so why bother" is also present. Fortunately, although I enjoy socializing, I am not the kind of person who is made miserable by spending time alone. Sometimes I feel neutral about it, and sometimes I am quite excited to get home and practice writing, to study, or to watch a particular movie. This is something that I think my co-workers don't really understand. They were asking me the other day why I don't have a Spanish girlfriend yet (the first level answer being: "because I am not making that a priority", which by necessity leads to the second level answer of "because I don't want one"), and when I explained that I didn't have the time (read: I wasn't making the time) they didn't understand. They all get off work at 2:00pm, with the rest of the day free, where as I feel as though I only have my weekends free (I do have a few hours on Tuesday and Thursday between classes, but I don't feel that I can do much in that time since it is so limited). With this schedule going on, life seems pretty similar from day to day, form week to week. I can only think of one event/musing that really does seem blog-worthy.

This past Friday, a co-worker of mine had a birthday party. The first part of the party was a lot of fun: just socializing in Spanish, munching on snacks, making myself understood suprisingly well, and understanding a surprising amount of what was being said around me as well. I really enjoyed that, since I don't often get to socialize with people (aside from the brief socializing that happens at work). The food was tasty and the conversation mostly held my attention and kept me focused. When I learned that we were going to play Trivial Pursuit after dinner I was super excited. From what I recall, I excel at games like this. I have such a random and wide knowledge of so many different subjects (although I only have a depth of knowledge in a few) that I have a good record of succeeding at random quiz-like competitions. I always wanted to do more Pub quizzes in Beijing, where they abound. The language and cultural differences made it so challenging as to be impossible for me, though. I didn't realize how hard it would be! There were only about three or four of the  questions that I understood throughout the whole game without having someone repeat it a few times or being able to read it for myself. And even for the few time in which I understood the question, the subject of the information was often completely foreign to me. Things like What famous match was the first played between these two teams in 1929?, or Who was José Luís Aztiazarán the president of when he left the Royal Society? For me, lacking the cultural knowledge that is assumable widespread here due to being raised elsewhere, there was only a single question which I both understood (after having it explained to me) and knew the answer to: What is the only animal in which the male gives birth? Seahorse is the answer according to Trivial Pursuit, but I remembered from elementary school that the female actually gives birth and the male stores the young in a pouch, making the Trivial Pursuit answer wrong, which thereby makes my "knowing" of that answer questionable. The whole experience was variously boring and frustrating, but it served as a great lesson in humility: I often consider myself such a global and multi-cultural person, and yet what I really know is so incredibly little.

Capoeira in Albacete, and Ego in Martial Arts

I've wanted to do it ever since I first learned about it. When Sarah introduced it to me personally during my sophomore year at Kalamazoo, I found it to be so very different, and so very interesting. A community of people that practices capoeira together has such a different feel than a community that practices karate together. Not only does the flipping and the acrobatic aspect appeal to me, but the ideas and the philosophy of it appeals to me as well (at least from what I understand of it). Whereas one thing that turned me off about judo and karate what how personal and competitive people got, getting egos involved in training, what appeals to me the most about capoeira is the element of play. When judo-ka say that they are going to play judo, what they really mean is that they are going to fight, compete, or train for fighting. When capoeiras say that they are going to play, I get the idea that it is more playful. It feels more like a game. Much like other games, there can certainly be winners and losers, but when people keep a smile on their face they (amazingly enough, stay happier). I don't play with a specific goal in mind to score points, to damage an opponent, or to win. I want to play with just one goal: to enjoy the game. If this involves successfully moving my body in a particular way, so be it. If this involves myself and whoever is playing with me exchanging movements back and forth in a friendly and a good-natured challenge, all the better. I don't have a problem with Kudo or Karate or similar martial arts. In fact, I have enjoyed them very much in the past. But so often I have seen people training without seeming to enjoy it very much. I guess if they view their personal worth as directly related to how well they do in a martial arts class or competition, it is not such a fun a laughter-inducing matter. In this situation, if one performs poorly he or she is less of a person. Nonsense, I say!

I can perform a complex series of motions with juggling balls in my hands, or I can horribly fail at an attempt to do a backflip; I can read a script that many peers consider to be impossible nonsense, or I can sing so poorly that people request I never attempt it again: none of these affect my view of my own worth as a person. Maybe is it because I have such a diversified skill set that I have such an easy time of considering myself to be able to let go of ego. After all, I could justify it to myself as “it doesn't matter if I am not skilled at X, because there are a dozen other things that I know I am great at.” That just seems like super-confidence, though. I wonder if my desire to more zen-like has just allowed me to convince myself that my super-confidence in a lack of ego? My transferable physical skills certainly wouldn't hinder that theory. After all, it is easy to not have my self-perception damages when I perform far better than any other beginner on my first class of capoeira, similar to my experiences with kung fu, judo, and jeet kune do.

Regardless of the philosophy behind capoeira (I assume that I am idealizing it quite a bit) and regardless of how nice it is to engage people with a physical sport without feelings of harsh competition, I enjoy the physical aspect of it too. Although I've starting to go running and to do a little bit of exercise in the mornings before going to work, it has been a long time since I have been a part of a group or a class like this. Sure, I did circus at Kalamazoo College, but that wasn't much of a physical challenge. I took popping, locking, and breakdance classes last time I was in Beijing, but a dance class has a very different feel than a martial arts class. I remember trying our a couple martial arts classes when I studies in Beijing back in '08, but they didn't last. I have to go all the way back to the summer of '08 and the preceding spring in order to find the last time I was part of a little martial arts community, when I was going to the local YMCA to do Jeet Kun Do that summer. It feels good to use my body in these ways again. Not only are there the physical and community aspects of it, it is also a great way to keep Brazil in my mind so I don't forget about my future goals!

High speed Chinese

One of the blogs that I follow is that of Benny The Irish Polyglot, who does missions of learning various languages in three months. In fact, it was partially reading about Benny's experiences that made me decide there is no reason that I should stop at two or three languages. I am dubious of his latest mission, though.

Previously Benny has learned languages with an Latin based alphabet (various romance and Germanic languages, mostly), but now Benny has decided to take on Mandarin Chinese in Taipei. (I'll just refer to it as Chinese from now on.) Although I have a great respect for Benny, I think that he won't make it. The methods and techniques that he uses accelerate the pace of learning incredibly: he learns smarter, and he makes good use of his time. However, I think that the characters of Chinese are going to hold him back. I don't doubt that he will be able to get a decent conversation after three months of intensive work. Times have changed a lot since David Moser wrote Why Chinese Is So Damn Hard, and now the dominance of pinyin over other romanization systems and the proliferation of excellent electronic dictionaries nullify a few of his points, but Moser's points about the writing system and the lack of cognates with European languages still hold true. (in fact, if you aren't very familiar with the Chinese language just skip my next two paragraphs and read Moser's article instead: it lays everything out very succinctly)

I agree generally with what is written on Hacking Chinese about Benny's Mandarin mission, that Benny won't succeed, but I have different reasons. Hacking Chinese lists the tones of Chinese and the lack of shared linguistic roots between Chinese and any European language as a point of difficulty, and I would claim that the tones aren't that hard, and the incredibly simple grammar makes up for the lack of shared vocabulary. I bet that I can describe a university in half a dozen European languages fairly easily (unibertsitateko, universitet, universitet, l'université, Universität, and università  in Basque, Bulgarian, Danish, French, German and Italian, according to Google Translator), where as the Chinese term cannot be mentally linked to a sound from any previously known language (assuming the learner has experience with languages which are not related to Chinese, such as is Benny's case). The Chinese terms (Dàxué or Xuéyuàn, depending on context and meaning) have no linguistic relation whatsoever to any previously known terms. In short, learning a language with shared heritage allows one to add on new vocabulary to pre-existing mental knowledge, but learning a language with no (or little, if you count proper names) shared vocabulary forces one to build from the ground up.

However, Chinese is very grammatically simple (no conjugations, no declensions, no grammatical gender), so that once one learns to say I eat a sandwich in Chinese, it is very simple to say will you eat a sandwich?, they ate sandwiches last week, or you (plural) probably didn't make any sandwiches, did you (plural)? Conversely, in any Romance, Slavic or German language saying these phrases would require learning several different morphological rules, so that one could change form of the words to express the desired meaning correctly. To stop being hypothetical and to get a bit more concrete, I will take Spanish as an example: to describe eating in Spanish, one needs to be able to use half a dozen different forms of the verb comer, plus another half a dozen to describe it in the future, another 16 or so forms to describe it in the past, plus another headache full of forms to describe hypothetical or unknown situations. As a regular verb, this is not an insurmountable challenge: there is a pattern, and some forms are repeated and built upon others, but it is a decent example to describe the grammatical simplicity of Chinese: one need only know a single sound (chī) to describe any eating that is going on, in any time period, tense, or mood. Even just speaking in the present tense with a regular verb, ignoring gender and mood, a learner of a Romance language would need to learn 12 bits of information (6 pronouns and 6 verb forms), where as a learner of Chinese would only need to learn 5: first (我), second (你), and third person (他), the plural marker (们), plus the verb (吃). Anyone who has studied both Chinese and a language that conjugates verbs knows how many headaches are prevented by the grammatical simplicity of Chinese. And I haven't even learned the declensions of German or the grammatical titanic of Russian. Compared to those Chinese looks even simpler!

Benny is no amateur, and I think that he will exploit the grammatical simplicity of Chinese to zoom along in conversational ability, and although I have my doubts of him reaching a level equivalent with C1, I have no doubts that he will be able to converse. He also wants to be able to read, though, and I think that this is what will prevent his from achieving his goals. Lacking reliable phonetic markers, learning to read and write (even via computer or text message, since recognition and selection is required) Chinese is an exercise in rote memorization (and in patience). There are strategies to make it better (mnemonics and Anki, for example), but it is still more difficult to learn 1500 characters of Chinese than 20-30 letters of a Romance, Germanic or Slavic alphabet. I predict that Benny will succeed in his conversational goals, and that he will fail in his reading goals such as reading newspaper headlines or menus. I consider myself to speak Mandarin Chinese at a strong conversational level, and there are still plenty of newspaper headlines that I cannot understand. I am cheering for him, though!

There are so many people around the world that want to give me money or products

I can't help but laugh when I get something like this in my inbox:

You have a bank draft of $800.000.00 USD which await outstanding payment of $100usd USD.You need to Contact Mr. Hemant Singh Email: fedexdeliver83@yahoo.in Tel: +919920343690

After decades of the same thing, I would have thought that strategies and methods should be updated. It doesn't help that several hundred other people are CCed on the email either. Since I started to use the internet (in highschool, really) there have just been the same general types of messages. I specifically recall getting a message allegedly from a distressed banker in the Ivory Coast when I was a senior in high school (he wanted to use me as a safe way to get his money out of the country, giving me a generous share in exchange for my help of course), and I found it absolutely hilarious. Almost as funny as me being the last living relative of a recently deceased Taiwanese millionaire. But that was in 2005 or 2006. There hasn't been much creativity in the format or the content in the past decade, as far as I'm aware. Sure, the graphic images are more common, but this isn't changing the core concept; that kind of change is just window dressing around the periphery. Where are the Bill Gates and the Steve Jobs of the spamming world? Where are the smart and creative entrepreneurs? Where are the intelligent and innovative marketing strategies?


Sadly enough, the spam I see tends to be of the lowest quality. Today my Yahoo inbox recieved a message which was alledgedly a "Payment Release Instruction from Federal Reserve Bank of New York," which didn't even have any text in the body; just an attachment. I also got an anouncement saying that Amazon's new Kindle Fire could behad for just sever or eight dollars. Seriously? I can't even buy a basic cell phone, non-smart, for that little. Do people really believe that one could buy a brand new kindle for that little? I am not sure if I should be dissapointed with the spammer side of this equation for their lack of creativity or for the victim side of this for showing the spammers that their foolish methods are actually effective.

As if a free iPhone wasn't suspicious already, look at the email address it comes from!

To rap on the spammers a bit, they could do way better targeting. From the information that is available about me online, it is easy to see that I am male, young, and educated. Anyone who is a personal contact of mine online can see considerably more, such as I am not religious, I like circus and languages, etc. Despite that, I still get plenty of adds for viagra (which I don't need), christian singles dating sites (which I don't need), acne medicine (which I don't need), and imitation Prada materials (which I don't need). If the spammers would just do some better customer reasearch they could target me with things like language learning courses, travel packages, or juggling equipment. Even the automatic adds on facebook and google can figure that stuff out. 

I am going to work with the assumption that the spammers are not going to hire the additional staff just to do customer/market research, but that is okay: with so much information online digital text it can be done with a couple good computer programs. With just a bit of intelligent research, which I am sure could be automated, spammers could significantly increase the click-through rates and get a lot more "bites." Rather than flailing around at random, a well-planned strategy targeted to specific customer groups would be so simple to create. Plenty of people don't use the privacy settings on their Facebook, Google, or other accounts. A simple machine analysis of someone's tweets could easily show what topics they are interested in, and hacking into someone's Facebook account is not too difficult for someone that knows about hacking (or so I have heard). 


Taking myself as an example, I am sure that an automated information gathering program could easily discover what kind of music, movies, and activities I like. This would allow the spammers to stop wasting Viagra and Christian single dating site spam on me, and they could instead try to trick me by sending discount juggling clubs, travel deals, and cheap books my way. If they don't do their research, they end up telling me that I can learn Chinese, which is kind of a waste, since I already know Chinese:

Does anyone actually think it's possible to learn any language (beyond the 'survival level') in just 10 days? If this spam succeeds, it lowers my faith in the intelligence of human beings.

One encouraging fact (in the sense of efficiency and intelligence) is that I began to receive Chinese language spam (although of similarly disappointing quality) once I began to get online in Chinese. I also remember being quite excited about receiving my first item of spam in Spanish. Thank goodness that the gmail spam system is as multilingual as me! (one of the reasons I stopped using Yahoo's email service was an overwhelming amount of Spam)

Blending in

Today, while walking home from teaching an English class, I was stopped on the street by a lady. She started telling me about the Red Cross, asking me if I was familiar with it, and detailing specifically what it does in Spain. I followed her explanation okay for a while, but got lost at some point and I had to ask her to slow down. Up until then, she didn't know that I was a foreigner. She just thought I was a regular Spaniard, like most of the people walking the streets in this country. That is something I really like here. With a single glance someone assumes that I am native enough to speak the language, vote, donate money to the Red Cross, or give directions.  My first few weeks in Spain, when I was mostly in touristy locations like Madrid, I was asked for directions half a dozen times. Do I just exude an aura of confidence that makes people assume I know my way around? That is something that often got on my nerves in China: I was not invisible.

On the contrary, even in a city with upwards of 15 million people (like Beijing), in China I was always hyper visible. People noticed me, and not for anything special I was doing nor for any special clothing that I wore, but merely because I was white. In the same way that people in Spain assume I am a local and I am aware of things, people in China assumed I was a foreigner and ignorant of everything. I only remember one time in which a stranger approached me to ask for directions: she came from behind me, and as soon as I turned and she saw my face she instantly apologized and asked someone else for directions, assuming that I didn't know. Ironically, I knew the location she was asking about, and I knew how to get there. She didn't listen to me, but instead listened to the Chinese guy standing next to me who didn't know where it was, and continues to wander aimlessly for a while, despite my intentions to help her. Normally, strangers in Beijing assumed that I was ignorant until it was proven otherwise. Until I opened my mouth to speak (not flawless, by any means, but I think) pretty damn good Mandarin, I was considered to speak only English. Until I displayed my excellent knowledge of Beijing's geography (at least the western and central areas) I was assumed to be lost.

There were certainly some parts of Beijing that I did know pretty well. Granted, I was a foreigner there, there were (and always will be) some things that I wasn't aware of. Nonetheless, I often ended up knowing Beijing better than Chinese people from outside of Beijing. On many occasions Chinese friends of mine weren't familiar with a particular location in Beijing, but I was able to direct us there. (There were practical reasons for this: I went outside my home to other parts of the city more often than they did)

In Spain people don't assume that I am ignorant and incapable unless I prove myself ignorant and incapable. I guess I really enjoy that.

My new favorite Spanish actor

Although I've somewhat enjoyed watching Antonio Banderas for a while, I have recently discovered Javier Bardem. Well, not so recently in fact: Biutiful was one of the in-flight movies when I flew out of Beijing in June 2011. I didn't watch more than a few minutes of the movie, but that was the first time that I remember recognizing the actor. It wan't until a few weeks ago when I saw Los Lunes al Sol that it really began to click in my head, though. After looking him up, I realized that I first saw him in Jamón, jamón, during my Spanish-and-Indian-movie-week of Spring Festival 2011. Later, when I was in Minnesota for parts of June and July of 2011, I saw him in Carne Tremula and Mar Adentro, both of which I enjoyed.


I saw some similarities between Los Lunes al Sol and Biutiful. They both focused on the hard life that people have with not much money living in Barcelona. Although I enjoyed Los Lunes al Sol, I thought that Biutiful was really a beautiful movie. I did enjoy that it had some Mandarin spoken by the Chinese immigrant workers, but the sorrow of the film, the tragedy there, and the hard life portrayed are things that I found to be very moving.


I really like movies like that: perhaps it is because I was raised on movies that always had happy endings and always had the good guys win. These films cut black and white so clearly, and films that display the world as more ambiguous seem so much more real to me. Main characters that aren't very good or heroic, obstacles that aren't from a megalomaniac evil person, and difficulties that can't be blamed or placed on any person, but merely are. Sometimes I wonder if movies that display conflict as so clear-cut and black-and-white are somewhat responsible for simplified views of the world. The movies that I saw as a child were almost all American movies, but that isn't to say that other countries don't have movies like this too. I think that this is also one of the many reasons that I like Miyazaki films so much: rather than having villains and heroes, the antagonists of his films often have clear motivations that an audience can understand and sympathize with, such as wanting to protect one's people from destructive monsters, or to be reunited with a long-lost loved one.


In Biutiful, Javier plays a man with a pretty tough life. Not enough money to treat his children as well as he would like, an ex with drug problems who keeps coming back, trying to manage a bunch of illegal street vendors while placating (bribing) the cops enough to back off, and dealing with a high pressure agreement with Chinese immigrants workers make his life difficult right from the start of the film. When he gets more bad news he makes some small efforts to live a better life, but this is no Disney fable, so the world continues to shit on him. I highly recommend it. This is one of the best Spanish movies that I have seen. Biutiful was nominated for many film awards, and it won several of them too, so if you care about film committees and their opinions that may sway you.

Video Games and Me

Fascination
When I was young, I was charmed by video games. They were something completely foreign to my existence. In the house that I lived in as a small child, we didn't have video games. Visiting relatives, however, basically introduced me to the concept of video games. Cousins often had a Super Nintendo or a Sega Mega Drive game system hooked up to a TV, and I was amazed. I recall being completely enchanted by these games, and playing Sonic and Mario games for as long as I could (until my parent's called me away for a meal or to start the long drive home) in the basements of houses belong to my aunts and uncles. Since it was something that was completely absent from my normal existence, playing video games at relatives' houses was often a major source of excitement and joy.

Immersion
Probably the most revolutionary event of my pre-high school youth was when my family bought a computer. When I was small my father and my sister and I had played Prince of Persia together, but when in late 1999 our family got a (at the time) new and powerful desktop machine, it changed everything. We bought Myst and Might and Magic VI. I wasn't old enough to understand Myst, but Might and Magic VI was a bit easier for me to grasp. I was already familiar with stories of heroes, wizards, swords, and dragons due to an introduction to Dragonlance from my sister. I loved Might and Magic VI. I loved it so much that I probably played the game through three times, and I got other games in the series (Might and Magic VII and VIII) based purely off of my love of the first game. I recall spending hours playing Starcraft and the Diablo games. When a classmate introduced me to emulators, it might have been the beginning of my long and glorious career of getting-things-for-free-online-rather-than-paying-for-them-in-stores. Armed with a Super Nintendo Emulator, various Marios, Final Fantasys were available to me. Some of the best memories I have of video games are of RPGs like the various Final Fantasy games and Tales of Phantasia. To me, these games were like novels. I usually used a set button to speed through boring random battles and walking at a high speed (another benefit of using an emulator rather than a real console) so that I could quickly get to the dialogues or the next key point in the progression of the plot. Naturally, most of my memories of these games are not of fighting of monsters, but rather are about the relationships between the characters, the experiences that they go through, and their reactions. Looking back, they really feel like interactive novels. At some point, we got a N64 and later a Playstation 2. I vaguely recall getting a Gameboy at some point too. There were certainly some games from these consoles that I spend many hours on and enjoyed (such as FFX and Zelda), but I don't have as many memories of other console games. I think that, in general, they tended to be simpler, with less of a focus on story, characters, and plot, and with more of a focus on simple repetitive action.

Rejection
Now I look back at how many hours a spent playing video games with a bit of a shudder. Calculating just for the Final Fantasy series, I have no doubt that if the same number of hours had been devoted to a language class I could have learned French, German, or Spanish up to a decent level. Of course, I didn't have the same desire for productivity back then as I do now, and it is likely that I wouldn't have had the motivation to learn a language or do something similar back at that age, but I look back on those hours and wish that I could re-use them more productively, somehow. Naturally, I do not consider all of the hours I spent playing video games to be wasted. Many, but not all. As I mentioned earlier, some of the games that focused more on character and story were more like novels to me, and I still think back, remember, and enjoy those stories. Others, however, had no real story or progression, I would quickly cut them out of my past if I could. Although I hadn't reached this level of reasoning at age 18, arriving at Kalamazoo College helped me to realize how enjoyable it was to socialize, and I basically gave up video games as soon as I arrived there. It was seriously a big change. In middle school and high school I probably spent most of my time in the evenings after school either reading (mostly fantasy novels or Dungeons and Dragons books late into the night) or playing video games. After arriving at college though (Autumn of 2006), I basically didn't touch video games until January of 2009. For more than two years video games were simply less interesting than spending time with the circus club, hanging out with new friends, exploring what it was like to flirt, getting my schoolwork done on time, and generally being a young college student with other young college students. I look back and think how young and foolish I was then, but it was certainly an improvement over who I was in high school.

Acceptance
In January of 2009, to guard against boredom and the cold winter, I spend a few weeks downloading and playing amateur RPG games on my computer. They were story- and character-focused, creative, and very enjoyable to play. Once I started my spring semester and life picked up pace again, however, I didn't touch games again until more than a year later. In spring of 2010, with my graduation a week or so away, and my schoolwork basically finished, I didn't really have any projects on my plate, so to keep myself from boredom I again spent a few days of playing games, this time more casual games from Kongregate, which my roommates had introduced me to. The following winter I spent a week or two obsessed with Spore, and I just finished a two week obsession over Divine Divinity.

I think I have a general pattern, now: I will spend a week or two each year playing a video game intensely, and then not touch video games for the rest of my year. I think that works okay for me. I know that I don't have to do something productive (such as study/learn something new) constantly, and the joy and relaxation that is brought from slaying dragons or saving the world can be pretty nice too. I still have mixed feelings, and I still have a desire to spend more of my waking hours doing productive things, but I find more and more the great difference between my desires and expectations as opposed to my reality. Looking at it logically, though, I don't really see how spending 10 hours non-productively playing a video game is any better or worse than spending 10 hours non-productively watching bad movies or crappy TV shows, watching sport games, or reading low-quality novels. Enjoyment is what counts in recreation time, right?

I Live in the Future

When I was in Munich for the EuropeanJuggling Convention this past August I met Tomas. I like the guy a lot, and I have learned a good deal from him. One of the most memorable moments I recall, though, is when he exclaimed “You do live in the future!” Tomas was amazed at some of the things that I did with my iPhone, things that I began to take for granted as soon as I discovered them and incorporated them into my own habits. For instance, as soon as I realized I could use my phone to check my email while I was outside of my home and away from my computer, I was struck with amazement on two accounts: first that I hadn't discovered this years ago, and second, that everyone didn't do this. (naturally, not everyone has the ability to check email away from their desk, but realizing the convenience of doing so I was amazed that I the transition wasn't more widespread). The same with Skype: A few years back when I first learned about Skype, I was amazed that there was still a market for international calling cards. Tomas was amazed at other things too, though. He was (along with Oli) impressed with the blue tooth (wireless) headset I used to listen to my music without needing any wires physically connecting to my iPhone. This is especially great for dancers and jugglers, and especially great for those jugglers that want to, try to, or actually do mix a lot of physical movement and/or dance into their juggling, like Liam, Oli, Tomas, and myself. If this wasn't “future” enough, throughout the entire convention I displayed an near-uncanny ability to know what workshops, performances, and other events where going on where and at what time. I didn't develop psychic abilities: I just made use of Google calender on my iPhone. Wirelessly syncing it on both my laptop and my phone made me feel pretty sweet, in addition to the obvious fact that it let me plan and act without having to physically go to an announcement board to check the workshop schedule. I first started using Google calender when I was in Beijing in 2010 to keep track of all the events and activities going on in the city. If there were five different things going on in one weekend, it was just simpler and more efficient for me to put all that info in one place than to have to repeatedly check the specific webpage for each event.

My most recent visit to O'Hare in Chicago, though, when I was both excited and calm for my return to Spain after an expensive bureaucratic detour to the United States, I found myself, one who supposedly “lives in the future,” astounded by technology. It was like something from Star Trek. A wall-sized display, that people could physically interact with. No mouse, no joystick, no keyboard, no physical interface beyond the tap of a finger. I think I saw this kind of technology in Minority Report, which is definitely a science fiction movie. I just tapped my finger on the word “weather” which was projected onto the wall, and data came up concerning where would be sunny and where would rain. That was possibly one of the least practical, efficient, and economical displays of technology that I have seen recently (considering how much power it would use and how much space it takes for one person to get a tiny amount of information), but it was pretty cool.

Rock Climbing in Albacete

The peaceful little village of Ayna

Thursday December 8th was a national holiday in Spain. The banks were closed, the schools were closed, and I had no work. Taking advantage of an extra day off, Blas invited me to go rock climbing with him. In the past when I've gone rock climbing my hands have tended to get so raw and sore after just a few minutes of climbing that it becomes significantly less enjoyable after the first ten minutes, so I was wary of my own physical frailty at first and didn't want to accept the invitation. However, about some thought I decided that I would take advantage of the opportunity to get out of Albacete, get some physical exercise outside, and chat and bond with a co-worker. And all for free, too. So in the end I told Blas that I would meet him on Thursday morning and go rock climbing with him and his friend.

Local scenery

And thus began my Thursday: hopping into a car with Blas and his friend Javier, driving south to go rock climbing. We met in the morning with our lunches packed, and Blas drove us about 50 km south of the city of Albacete to a little place called Ayna. The scenery was quite nice down there, with the steep rises and sharp drop offs reminding a bit of the karst peaks of Guangxi. Of course, we didn't drive all the way down there just to appreciate the scenery, so we put on our harnesses, pulled on our cat feet, and got to climbing. Blas is quite a good climber, so he was always the first to scale the rock, setting our rock into carabiners one by one. After Blas had set up the rope on a route, Javier and I alternated climbing while Javier and Blas alternated belaying. This means that I got to be pretty lazy: when I wasn't climbing I just sat around. I had predicted that I would have a good deal of downtime and brought my current book, The Language Instinct, as a shield against boredom while I was waiting for my turn. What I good idea that was, as I have been enjoying the book a lot so far. Although my experience with diverse languages and the research of Lera Boroditsky suggest that I should not accept 100% of his book as factually true, I am enjoying the book a lot so far in spite of what I suspect are occasional out-dated or incorrect facts. It has a great flow to it, reminding me a lot of the writing of Malcolm Gladwell in that references to pop culture abound and an explanation of a highly academic subject is made digestible for the general public. I am only a quarter or so of the way into the book, but I am looking forward to reading the rest of it. But to get back to climbing, some of the routes were really excellent challenges. Blas told me that I successfully completed a 6a/6a+, but knowing that there are a dozen different rating systems for rock climbing, I really have no idea what that signifies. I just know that I didn't fall at all, and that the routes seemed to be just the right level of difficulty for me: not to easy while providing a good challenge. After a few hours of this we paused to eat our lunches and then hiked to another area to climb up a different kind of rock formation. This one seemed to be almost flat, and I found myself repeatedly amazed at how well the climbing shoes could grip the smallest irregularities in the rock. I continually felt that I would never be able to hold me weight on a foothold, and moments later said foothold was supporting most of my body's weight.

Blas and I on the rock. His shirt says "Spider Mule"

Although I had been rock climbing before, it had been a while. I vaguely recall my first experience in high school when some students from Perpich took a little trip to an indoor climbing place in Minnesota. Then when I traveled in Guangxi during December of 2008 I went rock climbing outdoors via a local company with another traveler. Finally, during my senior year at Kalamazoo College I went to Climb Kalamazoo a few times with friends. That, being my most recent rock climbing experience, was a good two years ago. Not to mention that climbing inside and climbing on a natural rock are quite different experiences. I was rather pleasantly surprised how the natural rock didn't tear up my hands as much as I remember the indoor climbing walls doing.

Local Scenery

Despite the fact that I hadn't climbed much in the past, and that it had been a long time since I had climbed at all, I enjoyed it and I think that I did pretty well. This was the second time that Spaniards have referred to me as "que machina!", and I think that I could get used to it. Apparently, Blas and Javier were quite surprised that I was able to use my upper body strength to pull myself up in certain parts of the routes, so I guess that I still got it: despite not being terribly physically active, not juggling, not dancing, not doing martial arts, and nor doing much on anything physical recently, I guess that the physical skills I got from my martial arts-infused childhood are still serving me well.

Movie Review: 不再让你孤单 (English Title: A Beautiful Life) (2011)

A Beautiful Life is a 2011 movie which seems to be a cooperative project between Hong Kong and mainland China. It was directed by Andrew Lau, who is responsible for the excellent Hong Kong action film, Infernal Affairs, so it was strange to me to see him directing a sappy love story. The Chinese title, 不再让你孤单, roughly means "I Won't Let You Be Lonely Again." I always wonder how they translate these titles so differently into different languages. Movies like this often make me hate Chinese movies, but A Beautiful Life seemed to have two separate and distinct parts to it, and I will have to analyze it as such. 

Fang Zhendong doesn't know who this obnoxiously drunk lady is, but he still carries her home.

The first half of the movie seemed like a standard Chinese romance film, and therefore I did not like it at all. It has some standard (cultural?) elements with I find quite of-putting. First, the main female character, Li Peiru, manipulates and uses men as though they were objects, apparently with no regard for their feelings. She throws temper tantrums when things don't go as she wishes, which I find to be quite annoying. This actually is a cultural thing: it is not unusual to see a grown Chinese woman having a fit. Whereas in the United this would be seen as a sign of great immaturity (which is still my culturally-bound judgement of it), in China it is not soon quite so negatively. Alternatively, maybe there are just many women there who can't control their outbursts, and people in China have learned to put up with it. While Li Peiru is acting like a rich and spoiled brat, the main male character, Fang Zhendong is a standard Chinese guy: he is moral and upright, takes care of his brother, tries to do the right thing, and doesn't really have much driving force. What I mean by that is that his actions rarely push the story forward, and that he is generally quite passive. In the romantic pursuing between Li Peiru and Fang Zhendong, the pursuing is all done by Li Peiru, with her continuously chasing after him. Fang Zhendong puts up with all of Li Peiru's shit without voicing a single word of complaint: her drunkenness (which seems alcoholic), her manipulation, and even her financial instability.¹ This reflects another part of Chinese cultural norms that I am not a big fan of: while the women throw tantrums or act out, the men just shut up and deal with it. This is, of course, not always the case in reality, but this is what is commonly portrayed in films (and I assume other media as well), and in the same way that I was socialized by American movies, there are millions of young Chinese people watching this type of behavior repeatedly in films and on TV. So to wrap up the first half of the review, I did not like the characters of the film, neither of whom seemed particularly lovable. The story of the affection between them also seemed fairly contrived to me: there were just too many chance encounters in which they met, too many coincidences for me to believe it. There is a quiter side-plot of Fang Zhendong's brother and the girl that he likes (they get married and live happily), which I enjoyed much more than the romance between Fang Zhendong and Li Peiru.

I enjoyed the second half a lot more. It made me miss Beijing. In the first half there were a few scenes that gave me a nostalgic feeling (Li Peiru's apartment is near the CCTV tower, while Fang Zhendong lives in the Hutongs near Drum Tower). The second half of the film, however, had a alternatly warm and sad feeling. (spoiler warning) Eventually, Li Peiru realized what a great, honest, loyal guy Fang Zhengdong is, and how he has put up with all of her shit and still wants her, so she goes to him, they get married, and they have a baby. Here is the sad part: Fang Zhengdong has a head injury which causes him to forget more and more things as time goes on. He uses sticky notes all over to remind him how to do things like how to feed the fish and how to mix the baby milk powder. He forgets to pick up Li Peiru from work, and at one point he even forgets to make the rice for dinner, and only realizes it after all the other dishes are ready and on the table. It is painful, and frightening, to watch. However, they live a happy domestic life with Fang Zhengdong's brother and his wife in a calm and cozy little home, tucked away in a maze of hutong-like alleys. That is the part that most made me yearn for a domestic life. Watching the family together in their home made me want to return to China and settle down, cooking Chinese food and living with a little family or with close friends. Maybe after a few more years of bouncing around the globe I will have to go back and find a cozy home in the periphery of Beijing. EDIT: Kind of like this, perhaps.
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1 It seems that Fang Zhengdong gave Li Peiru a long of several hundred thousand RMB, which she then failed to pay back. I am not completely sure on that, though, as there were some details that I didn't understand (I watched it in Mandarin with Chinese subtitles).

A Guest Post on Economics

Obligatory money-themed image

Being such an internationally focused fellow, I often feel that economics are one very useful way of understanding the world that I didn't learn from my undergrad education at Kalamazoo College. After all, economic interactions and economic relations are a major part of when happens between national boundaries, yet I still find myself mystified by the economic relationship between China and the United States, the international political relationship which I focus on the most. I recently read The Map Is Not the Territory: An Essay on the State of Economics, written by John Kay. Since this is about as far into economics as I normally get, I found myself intrigued by this field of which I know so little about. Although I think that I am more logic and statistic-based than many of my acquaintances, aside from an internationally focused class from John Dugas at K reading Freakanomics in 2008 (which just seemed like some clever statistical analyses applied to real-world situations) and slogging though half of Nudge in Spanish a few weeks ago, I don't think I have ever had any education in economics. Inspired by my general lack of background in economics and the curiosity ignited by the article, I inquired about the state of economics, and Eric Swanson was good enough to help me out. Eric Swanson is a former classmate of mine from Kalamazoo College who studied economics there. We studied Chinese in Beijing together at Capital Normal University as well. When Eric responded to my queries, which were basically asking his opinion of John Kay's article, I was so pleased with the information contained therein, that with Eric's permission this is going to be the first guest post of my blog!

     The biggest weaknesses of Neoclassical economics, which dominates in America, is that it is unable to look paste equilibrium economic models and discounts the impact of cultural factors on the economy. In the late 1800s a French economist named Leon Walras started analyzing economics with newly developed calculus tools and the recent theories on equilibrium systems developed by physics. To oversimplify; economists were so thrilled that he had made mathematically precise model of the economy that they have clung to it ever since. 

     Economists who disagreed split off and turned into sociologists. Meanwhile physics and the other hard sciences studied equilibrium more and concluded that very few natural phenomena were represented well by it and started developing things like chaos theory and the aptly named complex systems. Economists like their equilibrium models because you put your data in and it will spit out the same results every time because it's an equilibrium model that always returns to a steady state. With a complex systems you throw in your set of starting factors and any number of things can happen based on any number of possible occurrences reacting off of each other. There are effectively an infinite number of possible paths the system might take to a potentially vastly different ends.

     In the last twenty years or so, some economists have finally learned about complex systems, and combined with the sufficiently powerful computers we have now, are doing some really interesting research with it. But this is not orthodox in the US, and certainly not something that would be taught in undergrad classes. Honestly, the core of undergrad economics could basically be replaced by one course and a math major. The most interesting econ course I took at Kalamazoo College, and the one I learned the most from, was Econ and Law, which was really a behavioral economics course. Right now I'm doing econ grad school research and trying to find schools that are willing to deviate from neo-classical economics.

Eric also sent me an excerpt from a paper he wrote for a class which provides a more specific critique of Neoclassical economics:

     Neoclassical economics effectively puts a wall between everything dealing with making money and everything else. Economics concerns everything on the inside, i.e. money, while everything on the outside is irrelevant. The global economy is perhaps the most massive and complex institution our species has ever created. But to say that it is unconnected to the myriad other human institutions that do not deal directly with money is preposterous. Economies are made up of numerous social practices, each specific the local culture. This is why as basic a capitalist transaction as buying a pair of socks is conducted with marked differences in China compared to the United States. In China, it is expected that the asking price will be above the normal going rate. It is the responsibility of the buyer to haggle over the price of the socks and wrestle it down to what he or she is willing to pay. In the United States, there is no haggling, and a salesperson would be confused and possibly offended if the buyer began pointing out tiny flaws in the socks to negotiate a lower price. The religious holiday of Christmas distorts the entire economic year in the United States. Entire businesses base their profitability on the sales they make during this period. To say that culture has no effect on economics is simply silly.
     It is foolish for neoclassical economics to try to limit the scope of economic science by defining it so narrowly. Including cultural forces in the analysis of how people make economic decisions enhances economics’ explanatory power, even if it does make it a less precisely mathematical science. Including all of the forces that act upon economic agents certainly increases the difficulty of modeling, but it would be shameful to deliberately leave out vital information because it made things more complicated.

Eric also recommended a wonderful book called "The Origin of Wealth" by Eric Beinhocker which he is currently reading. It details how complexity theory, evolution theory, and computing power are changing the way we can approach economics in ways that better understand the complex modern world.

Radical Thought

I often have a hard time speaking with radicals. From time to time, people have tried to convince me the the evils of modern Capitalist society and how one can get trapped within it. They told me that propaganda/advertisements always tell us that we need more stuff; society says you must be good looking, and smart, and have a good car, and have a good house, and have a good job; that education should not be forced upon children; that the things in a city (such as air pollution from cars) are bad for you and will kill you; that if people have good ideas they are killed; that capitalism as a system is inherently bad.

There are many different responses I had and still have to these, and other, statements. One of them is: “Yes, I understand what you are saying. In fact, I have understood these things for quite some time, ever since I started to read about anarchism, about Marxism, and about criticisms of the global culture which is currently dominant back when I first got interested in this stuff around the age of 16 or 17. It is not so simple as that, though.”

One issue I brought up during a debate like this on the WWOOF farm near Toledo was the option of choice. In response to the “society says you must be good looking, and smart, and have a good car, and have a good house, and have a good job” argument, I responded that yes, this is clearly true. However, a person is not a passive machine that does whatever it is told. As a human (a free agent, as a philosopher might say) I have the ability to decide which of these conditions I will accept. For instance, in my own future I plan to be smart, possibly good looking, without a good car (I certainly do not consider it to be a priority, although this may change, depending on my future lifestyle), with a good house (which by my personal definition should be quite different from that of U.S. society's definition), and possibly with a good job (defined as a job I enjoy, not a job that allows me to earn a lot of money). I consider myself to be more aware of the option of disobeying societies unwritten rules than most people, possibly due to influence of cultural/individualist anarchism that I received in my late youth. Indeed, like so many things, I suspect that a mere awareness of these 'societal demands' is a first step to anyone making a conscious decision to accept or reject them.

The in-between area isn't really recognized by some people, though, or at least it wasn't recognized when I debated this on the WWOOF farm. Perhaps the people I was talking to saw it as more of a black-or-white issue. When the evil of modern society was brought up, I mentioned that tools (or things in general) can be used for good ends or for bad ends; I can use a hammer to build a house or to kill a person. Remi told me that some things are just bad, and when I asked him for examples he didn't respond.¹

As far as capitalism goes, although I have mellowed out a lot since my most radical stage around age 19 or 20, I am still not a huge fan of it. I find it to be especially entertaining when people attempt to educate me on the evils of capitalism, primarily because (in the cases that I have experiences of this anyway, I have felt that) I know more about the subject than my prospective educators do. I didn't major in Marxist philosophy in university or anything, nor do I have a degree in the history of labor/union organization. However, I did read a good number of books about anarchism, all of which contained strong critiques of capitalism, as well as some non-anarchist books which criticized other parts of modern global culture which had a large influence on my thought and opinions, such as No Logo and Fast Food Nation. Documentary films to as Micheal Moore's breakout movie, Food Inc, and Super Size Me were influences on my too. In fact, I recall seeing The Corporation at a young and tender age of maybe 14 or so, and it was a big influence on me.

However, I cannot deny the proven success of harnessing human self-interest as a means of achieving efficiency and goals. Is that a core part of capitalism? I think so. Perhaps I am thinking more about behavioral economics, but I see these as linked very tightly, as least in the type of capitalism that currently exists in the world. I am tempted to point out how millions were lifted from poverty after Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms allowed China to become a more capitalistic economy, which I immediately mentally counter by a Noam Chomsky lecture in which he declared that increased standard of living under capitalism (which has happened in many places) does not prove capitalism to be a good system any more than increased standards of living for slaves under slavery (which did happen) proves the worth of slavery as an economic practice.

Another things that has happened in the past, is that the people talking to be about these  big and important issues (how the human society in the world should work, basically) people often get very emotional, sometimes even devolving into silly arguments, like in this example of foolishness and immaturity (present on both sides in this video). I recall reading in Feminism from the Perspective ofBuddhist Practice (by Rita Gross) that “In general, regarding all beliefs, the effect of practice (of Buddhism) is that one becomes less ideological, less tied to rigidly held fixed beliefs.” I wonder if this is a part of education in general, philosophy in general, or if it is just something particular that resonates with me. I am able to debate and discuss a number of issues without becoming too emotionally heated or involved, I consciously make an effort to keep a smile on my face (both to not appear antagonistic and to keep my ownbrain away from the anger that can easily arise when confronting differing viewpoints), and I am not hasty to form strong opinions (or so I think).

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1 I will readily admit that some things are easier to use for good than for evil (now we are getting into the realm poorly defined terms!), or vice versa. For a trite example I propose automatic rifles, agent orange, and wild mobs. Any of these could hypothetically be used for a good purpose, but that would be much more challenging to the user than to use them for a bad purpose. An AK-47 isn't designed to do much more than kill people (Although I have to admit: I am not an expert on AK-47s). Still, one could use an AK-47 (or any of the things I listed above) to injure/kill a rapist about to attack a friend, or one could use it to injure/kill a crowd of random people on the street. I am not going to claim that one of those is 100% good while the other is 100% bad, but in a thought experiment I would be far more willing to kill/injure a single individual in order to prevent a rape rather than kill/injure a crowd of random people with no moral goal or purpose being achieved as a result. On the other end of the scale, although I could certainly imagine a micro-loan institution, a community center, or an organic garden being used for bad purposes, I would tentatively state that these tools are most commonly used with positive uses, although I certainly recognize the possibility that they could be used for ill as well.

Interpersonal Conflicts

Not that it happens often, but I think that one of the ways that I have most often been upset or frustrated with other people (and vice versa) is by the mood and intention being different between two people in an interaction. Specifically, I mean that one person is trying to joke and have fun while the other person is trying to be serious. I have been on both sides of this issue, and I am surprised at how narrow minded and full of assumptions that I can be, thinking that the other person should just relax and laugh, or that the other person should sober up and see how serious this is.

I recall when I spent time on a WWOOF farm near Toledo, Spain for instance, when a man named Edua would regularly say very silly or illogical things which I suspect he intended as jokes. However, it would break up the flow of the discussion. For instance, he told me that I shouldn't be reading on my computer but rather I should be out by the swimming pool practicing my breakdance like he had seen me to previously. I responded to this by saying that I can't only strengthen my body, but I must also strengthen my mind. He responded by saying “look at how crazy and wild your hair is! You already have too much information in your head!”, which is great for a laugh, but which is terribly for trying to reach a serious understanding or progress in a debate. It could also be a cultural difference, in that I am familiar with some customs of intellectually debating a subject, but Edua and his family members never attended much school, and likely were never introduced to the specific cultural practices of debating.

Running with a thought from the previous paragraph, it was as if only physical exercise was valued, and things that made use of the mind but not the body were not seen as worthwhile. Physical act X (riding a bike/swinging on a swing/climbing a tree) without thinking new thoughts was more valuable than mental act Y (reading philosophy/history/fantasy) without moving my body. It seems that on the WWOOF farm, Edua valued mental/intellectual ability so little in relation to physical skill/ability that regardless of what I was doing on my computer (I doubt it would make a difference whether I told him I was playing Tetris or I was designing a poverty reduction program for rural India) he thought that I should go hang out by the swimming pool and lay in the sun instead. I think that we do this to children sometimes, (or at least it happened to me as a child) telling them to go ride a bike rather than watch a movie or read a book or play a video game. I think it is sometimes too easy to forget that doing mainly mental acts which are mostly physically motionless help a brain to grow and a person to develop in ways that are very different from physical activity. Although I know that I have a strong body now, I am sure that it is due mostly to the martial arts throughout my life, and not to riding a bike. In fact, I remember being miserably bored mentally at times when I was told to go outside and ride my bike, where as I was (of course not always, but sometimes) deeply engaged in a story while playing video games or watching a movie inside. I wonder if I will observe the same behavior in myself in respect to how I act towards children in the future? A false dichotomy, of course, but interesting to ponder nonetheless.

Translation: The Donkey's Skill is all Used Up

Here is a translation of the little story behind 黔驴技穷¹, a chéngyǔ². Just for the record, I have never actually heard or seen this chéngyǔ used anywhere, so it may be one of the less common ones.

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The Guizhou Donkey's Exhausted Skills

A long time ago, there were no donkeys in central Guizhou, but one day a meddelsome person brought a donkey into Guizhou by boat. After bringing it in, he realized what a useless creature the donkey was, so he decided to set it free at the foot of a mountain. A nearby tiger caught sight of the donkey, and saw that this was an enormous creature, so the tiger thought that the donkey must be the spirit of the mountain, and hid itself in the forest to watch the donkey.
The tiger slowly approached the donkey, being ever so careful, not knowing exactly what the donkey was. One day, the donkey called out like a bird, and the tiger was extremely frightened. The tiger fled far away, thinking that the donkey was going to bite him. It was very frightening. Still, the tiger came and went, watching the donkey from a distance, and it seemed to him that the donkey had no special or unique skills. The tiger slowly got used to the strange call of the donkey, and he again approached the donkey. But the whole time the tiger dared not start a fight with the donkey. Slowly, the tiger approached the donkey again, this time with a more relaxed attitude. He bumped into it gently, then brushed up against it, finally colliding into the donkey to provoke it. The donkey was very upset, and he kicked out at the tiger with his legs. This made the tiger very happy, and thinking to himself, he figured "the donkey's skill is nothing more than this!" So he jumped up, roared loudly, and ripped out the donkey's throat with his powerful bite. The tiger didn't leave until he has eaten all the meat on the donkey.
Later, everyone took this story of the tiger eating the donkey in Guizhou as the chengyu "the Guizhou donkey's skill is all used up." The meaning of this chengyu is that the little skill that people have is already used up and finished. So people say "the Guizhou donkey's skill is all used up."

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1 Although the term 贵州 (guì zhōu) is not mentioned at all in the original Chinese text from which I translated this story, the term 黔 (qián) is used, which means Guizhou province. Most provinces of China have a shorter name, similar to how states in the United States have abbreviations in addition to their full names (NY, CA, etc.), and are just as common, being used on cars' license plates, for instance. However, one difference is that the abbreviations of the States in the U.S. are often logical and easy to guess, but there is nothing in the nature of the shorter names for Chinese provinces that would allow a clever observer to guess the meaning without having some specialized background information, or without knowing the short name already. During my time of studying Chinese, I found some of these short names (not just for provinces, but for institutions and holidays as well) to be very confusing. Sometimes characters with no other meaning are used as the short names of provinces, but sometimes historical kingdoms located in the same area lend their names for this cause. An example of this is the nickname for Shangong Province, 鲁 (lǔ), which was the name of a vassal state in the Zhou dynasty which existed from 1066-221 BC.

2 Chéngyǔ (成语), often translated as a set expression, proverb, or an idiom, is a phrase which consists of four characters, or of two sets of two characters. Chéngyǔ normally make reference to some story or legend, which serves to explain the meaning of the Chéngyǔ. Chéngyǔ serve a more important role in Chinese than equivalent set expressions do in English or in many other languages, and they are often used in normal communication in Chinese. An interesting side effect of the abundance and importance of chéngyǔ in Chinese is the assumption that such idioms are equally important in other languages, resulting in a large market for idiom dictionaries, collections of English idioms, and other reference material that claim to help language learners understand important English idioms. Similarly, chéngyǔ dictionaries, which list many chéngyǔ and their associated stories, are widely available to the student of Chinese. One of the most common idioms among English learners of Chinese is the phrase 马马虎虎 (mǎ ma hū hū) which literally means “horse horse tiger tiger,” but is used to mean not so bad or so-so. Many Chinese people, when asked how their English is will say that it is “Just so-so.”